超越地域性与普遍人

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超越地域性与普遍人

黑格尔,坐在柏林大学的教室的讲台上——他把柏林说成是现代性的焦点——讲授他关于“世界精神”的哲学。黑格尔是一位杰出的思想家,但不是一个好的老师。他几乎没有演讲技巧,声音沉闷、缺乏起伏,不断地咳嗽、清嗓子,不停地解释自己刚刚讲过的某句话。但更重要的是,他使用了一种跟柏林格格不入的口音,即南德地区的施瓦本(Swabian)口音,但是他的听众们大多使用北方的普鲁士标准语。与普鲁士标准语的现代感相比,施瓦本口音充满了浓厚的乡土气息。最致命的是,Idee(理念)是黑格尔哲学中的关键概念,但他的大多数听众需要适应很长时间才能把他刚刚那个嘟囔不清且带有强烈乡土气息的发音识别为高贵的Idee。

从某种角度来说,黑格尔自己的极具地域性的口音就是对黑格尔追求普遍性的哲学的最大反驳。一个如此追求精神的普遍性的思想家,竟然使用了一种极具地域性特色的口音。与之类似地,今天互联网上的一个笑话是,电话诈骗分子最大的问题就是他们无法使用相对标准的发音,而是使用极具地域性特色的发音,无论是带有河南口音的普通话,还是带有印度口音的英语。

我最近在一位来自同乡的朋友面前说,巴中话(一种四川方言)是更土气的,而成都话则是更标准的。他对此不以为然,并严厉批评我,并要求我给出理由。但我发现自己无法给出可论证的理由,只能诉诸于一种自身感觉。

我的四川话是一种更“标准的”四川话,而这种标准四川话并不是一种活着的口音,而是通过自学习构建出来的。四川每个地方的四川话都不一样。我的初中班上的同学来自四川各地,他们带来了各地的口音,而直到这时我才发现原来四川话居然有这么多种。于是在这个语言的熔炉中,我在初中毕业时已经练就了一种不具有地域性特色的标准四川话,也就是说,当我说四川话时,我不会被别人识别出这是哪里的口音。但奇怪的是,我似乎是一个例外,因为其他同学是带着自己的口音来,又带着自己的口音毕业并离开。现在,我总是感到巴中话有点土,而成都话有点嗲,但我无法给出任何理性的理由。

但我的语言能力并没有拓展到普通话上面。读本科时,一位老师评论我说:“你的英语说得比普通话好。”考虑到我自评我的英语口音也只顶多是一般的水准,所以这句话大概是一句批评而不是赞美。我在UVA时曾经被一位酒吧服务员当场纠正过一个词的发音。

这个世界上绝大多数把英语作为第二语言来学习的人,其终身都会带有受第一语言影响的口音。我想起两件有趣的事情。一次是我在UVA时的一次国际学生和学者交流活动,主持人问哪些人已经去过纽约,其中一位中国留学生作答说自己去过,主持人询问她去过哪里,她回答说Spy Museum,但由于Museum的发音带有极其强烈的中式英语,导致在场绝大多数人都没有听懂她在说什么。主持人询问她说的是什么,她用同样的发音作答,就这样往返了三次,还是没有人听懂她说的是什么。终于有一个人根据Spy推测出了她的意思,帮她说出了更准确的发音。另一件事是,有一天我的房子停电了,房东从电话里指示我如何打开电闸。他是从罗马尼亚来的,现在已经是一位副教授。他在电话里带着浓厚的东欧口音让我推开Blake的开关,但我始终不明白Blake究竟是什么意思。往返三次后我终于想通了,是Black!黑色!

当然,包括我在内的大多数人想必都不会认为口音是一件很重要的事情,因为语言不过是思想和观念的载体。只要沟通能顺利进行,那么口音是否具有地域性则根本不是什么问题。美国大学的教职招聘一般来说并不会关心你这个外国人的口音有多重。

更重要的问题是,为什么人们说施瓦本口音、河南口音和印度口音更具地域性,而我们很少说柏林口音、纽约口音或上海口音具有地域性?语音的美感和地区的经济发达度固然是原因。但这可能会让我们忽略更加崇高的东西。

在中国,地域歧视往往是单向的,比如上海人歧视河南人,浙江人歧视“外省人”,广西人歧视东北人,以及更一般地,大城市的人歧视“小地方”来的人。但是在美国,地域歧视则往往是双向的,纽约人固然歧视密苏里人,但密苏里人也歧视纽约人。对于纽约人来说,密苏里州只有无聊、沉闷的乡村生活;而对密苏里人来说,纽约人则住在火柴盒一般的公寓内却还志得意满,真是不可思议。

中国的城乡资源和信息差距很大程度上是单向度的。当大城市的孩子已经被安排被将来要被送出国的命运时,小地方的孩子只是被寄望于去省城工作,或者干脆留在父母身边。由于人生中的某些重大抉择需要尽早做出并早做准备,所以来自小地方的人的确有时会“输在起跑线上”。来自小城市的男人跟来自大城市的女人结婚,有可能要上交更多的彩礼作为补偿。当我读初中的时候还在看《快乐星球》的时候,我的一位在广州同样读初中的朋友——那个时候我还不认识她——已经在淘宝上倒卖泰勒·斯威夫特的CD了,而那时候她并不知道斯威夫特后来居然变得这么火。我的一位出身省城的朋友最近去另一个省的某地级市工作,他告诉我说,羡慕我们这些“来自小城市的”,因为“不会因为工作的城市本身资源有限的感到难受”。

但从根本上来说,我对中国的单向地域歧视感到质疑,因为人们可以从精神上超脱地域性的限制。我承认,从客观资源和信息角度来说,河南要比上海更具地域性,或小地方比大城市更具地域性,但我们可以求得对于它者和整个环境的不依赖性,自已与自己本身相联系。这个来自黑格尔的自由概念在今天其实比以往更加现实,因为互联网提供了一个美妙绝伦的工具。我只要打开YouTube就可以观赏苏格兰或阿尔卑斯山的令人心旷神怡的风景,或者聆听来自地球另一边的学者做的报告。我只要打开Twitter/X,就能了解到伊朗战争的最新动态,就跟一个纽约人也是在这里了解战争动态一样。我也可以阅读我自己能找到的所有书籍。

而且,人们可能会忽略,大城市本质上也是一种地域性。无论上海人多么吹嘘自己的生活方式是多么国际化,但“上海”依然是一个局部的限定,这种地域性跟河南商丘的地域性在本质上是一模一样的,它并不可以被直接换算成“普遍性”。上海的咖啡真的比商丘的美食更高明吗?很多对自己出生的大城市极具归属感的人同样也是被狭隘的地域性所裹挟。

实际上,美国的双向地域歧视反而是更有道理的,因为它至少指示出,纽约同样并不能被自动换算为普遍性,因为它逼仄的生活空间、快节奏的生活节奏和极高的生活成本无权代表所有人所向往的生活方式。我在几年前还非常向往能够在北京或上海生活,但现在已是唯恐避之不及。

我自己追求的是一种普遍性的生活,要成为一个普遍的人,这意味着要尽可能扬弃地域性。精神不依赖于环境,自己与自己相联系的生活,就是一种普遍性的生活,也就是自由的生活。我的生活的普遍性超出了大多数出生于大城市的人,这顺带也能说明为什么大城市同样也是一种地域性。于是,当别人问我是哪里人时,我往往不会说是“四川人”,而是“来自四川的人”,因为四川这个地域是无法对我的精神做出限定的,因为我是自由的,不需要依赖这个它者——哪怕我的口音可能露出了什么马脚。

那么普遍人是“世界公民”吗?或许不是。每一个自诩是世界公民的中国人都会被自己的护照击败。但假如是“世界公民”是一种超越国界的道德担当的话,那么我愿意承认自己是“世界公民”,但这一概念并不包含在“普遍人”概念之内。也就是说,成为世界公民并不意味着你自动就是普遍人,而成为普遍人也不一定意味着你同时也是世界公民。

普遍人是一种哲学性的理想,而且是一种永远也无法完成的理想,它要高于人们所熟悉并且最近一些年被频繁反思的“世界公民”。大多数人或许都未曾想到这样一种普遍人的可能性,而只是想要成为深圳人、上海人、杭州人或纽约人,甚至以这些身份为傲。但成为普遍人也是一种值得向往的可能性。

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《 “超越地域性与普遍人” 》 有 23 条评论

  1.  的头像
    匿名

    As a native Californian, I would tell you that there are linguistic discriminations, too, in the US, though it takes a different form. It’s about races, black English, Yellow English, netral accent, Boston English, southern drwal (twang) etc.
    Linguistic discrimination in terms of economic or political factors is less common here, but sure it’s more prevalent in Old World where societies are more centralized, say, France, Britain and China. In France we have the so-called Parisian French that’s deemed THE standard accent, and in Britain we have RP, which, ironically, is different from the Queen English and originates from Cambridge rather than London or BBC LoL.
    I think the linguistic landscape in China may be slightly more complicated. I have a friend from Canton (or Guangzhou) who always speaks Cantonese with her family and Cantonese friends and she’s pretty pround of her proficiency in that dialect. Actually she has some cantonese accent (? well i’m not so sure anyway) with her English but that doesn’t bother her it seems. WHILE another of my friends seems to have been bothered a lot by his northwestern accent (well that’s all I know about his hometown, somewhere in that area, dry climate and desert something). He told me that his Mandarin is accented too, just like his English, which I find OK and intelligible. He also told me that his accent is a curse that always reveals his indecent cultural background (which just shocks me!!!). So I hypothesize that Chinese people tend to judge others by their socio-economic status, which somehow is hidden in their accents.

    1.  的头像
      匿名

      Je suis d’accord! It not about generality, it’s more about social status and people’s value of their and others’ lives.
      When parisiens (bof, ils sont vraiment impolis) ridicule other accents like my Marsseille French, what supports them is not that Paris is a city of generality, but that Paris is the city where the epitome of french life styles are located so every French should desire to be a Parisien! It’s rediculous isn’t it? I think this is also the case in china because the two countries have so many things in common.

      1. The points you both added were extremely helpful. Indeed, the situation in China bears a strong resemblance to that in France. Individuals with certain accents will often attempt to mask them due to socioeconomic factors. I recall that the French refer to the regions outside of Paris as “the provinces”—a practice mirrored by the people of Zhejiang in China. Yet, ironically, while the residents of Hangzhou discriminate against outsiders, their own accents and dialect appear to be on the path to extinction.

  2.  的头像
    匿名

    There’s another thought (no offense intended):
    Neutral accents are commonly assciated with prestige, while more local accents are usually discriminated. This is attested in many regions, China, Britain, Japan, middle East … and even in the US. The explanation is quite simple, as you may have figured out: neutral accent is commonly correlated with good education, where differences among local accents must be evened out. Moreover, a neutral accent may carry an undertone that it can encompass all local accents simply because it is a COMMON MULTIPLE of local counterparts, thus, it’s superior. So a neutral accent itself will become a symbol of (covet) superiority and a benchmark for speakers’ desire for obtaining such superiority.
    Put in P. Bourdieu’s term, a neutral accent is symbolic capital.
    So, in the champ of education, once a student senses the prestige entangled with a neutral accent, he surely would acquire it to win an upper hand in his competition with peers.

    1. ImageNoise 的头像
      ImageNoise

      When we measure beauty, the denominator for a woman’s appearance is usually the most mundane yet beautiful face she can have, because this general impression evokes a kind of familiar, comfortable experience. So, I was wondering whether some people’s choice to become “world citizens” is implicitly a strategy to wield power over others while creating the facade of being a philanthropist.

      BTW, I like Canadians! In the animation South Park they are overly polite with profusely delivered apologies. Oh, I almost forgot to mention, especially Canadian linguists! They’re my favourite 😚

    2. Yes. In the West, the concept of the “global citizen” has been firmly co-opted by liberals or progressives, becoming an integral part of political correctness. As I noted in another article, supporting political correctness essentially serves as a means of broadcasting signals regarding one’s own social status.

      However, I remain skeptical as to whether the same holds true for the adoption of a “neutral accent.” Take my own experience during middle school, for instance: I acquired a neutral variant of the Sichuan dialect, yet I certainly gave no thought to the notions of prestige or competitive advantage that you mentioned. One might draw an analogy to the historical processes through which various collective accents have emerged. To the best of my knowledge, the Berlin and Taiwanese accents heard today are likewise the result of the convergence of various immigrant groups; it would be difficult to argue that the individuals involved in these processes were consciously pursuing any specific advantage.

      1. ImageNoise 的头像
        ImageNoise

        You can’t really blame people for taking the path of least resistance. If adopting a neutral variant of a dialect minimizes friction, people will naturally pick it up—often without even realizing it. Nature gives no thought to the notions of prestige either, yet here we are: the well-connected win, as always.

        That said, let’s not single out Zhejiangers every time the topic of cliquism comes up, though I’m not usually in the mood for defending them. And let’s not forget the “香雾柠” in “海派文化.” Ironically, your undertone belies discrimination while you’re trying to eliminate it. Shame on you for that.🙃

        To our beloved linguist: my apologies for misreading Californian as Canadian—but my heartfelt feelings still stand. Love you still! (Cue the Trump vibes here!)

        1.  的头像
          匿名

          You’ve got this right! Neutral variants always have its reason in practicality. This is, in fact, how lingua franca arises when different languages come into contact. It is also the case when distinct accents are usually smoothed out at boundary areas, because people are compelled to make themselves sound similar, or “close”, to others.
          However, when a strong sense of pride in local identity is absent (e.g. Cantonese, esp. the Canton variant), neutral accent or “standard” form will gain its prestige and power. [yeah, human beings are obsessed with hierarchies of almost everything!]

          We Californians would readily boast many leading linguists in the world, and universities that surely are hubs, centers and frontiers of studies in this perplexing area. Hooray! Canadian linguists, on the contrary, seem to be much more “low-profile”. That makes me curious about the reasons for your love for Canadian linguists.
          And we hate Donaldolf Hitlerump!!

          1. Speaking of linguists, a prominent left-wing linguist recently became notorious after appearing on the Epstein list. Ironically, he once enjoyed considerable moral standing as a public intellectual. I wonder: has your community of linguists in California “canceled” him yet?

          2.  的头像
            匿名

            You mean SP, right? Yeah, he’s been in a bit of hot water lately. First off, he’s not really a Californian linguist [wink], and calling him a linguist in the strict sense is kind of a stretch. That said, this doesn’t really count as a satisfatory reply—it could fall apart if a genuine Californian linguist got tangled up in the Epstein mess. Honestly, we would still be proud at our academic communities no matter who may appear on photos with Eipstein next.
            I think SP probably will remain a prof at Harvard as long as he doesn’t resign and no new evidence of actual crimes comes out. The photos that have leaked are mostly circumstantial and just make him look like a con.

          3. The person I am referring to is, of course, that famous—or perhaps infamous—Marxist linguist. As far as I know, the linguist you mentioned—while his ties to Epstein may be questionable—could relatively easily clear his name. The Marxist, however, cannot exonerate himself; he may well go down in history bearing the reputation of being a “friend of pedophiles.”

  3. ImageNoise 的头像
    ImageNoise

    To our beloved linguist: Forget it—I was just being naughty. But allow me to explain myself by breaking the phrase into “Canadian” and “linguists.”

    First, Canadians: I’ve always enjoyed how they’re portrayed in South Park. Despite being relentlessly teased, they—and their audience—don’t throw a wimpy tantrum and ban the show outright, as, say, the Chinese government did in 2019. Canadians seem so easy-going, and, as you mentioned, low-profile. I can’t help but admire whoever those qualities are bestowed upon.

    Now, as for linguists: Well, aren’t you the embodiment of someone who puts J. L. Austin’s dogma into practice? Disguising yourself as whomever you like, wielding language to influence the world through subtle manipulations of your audience’s mental state—it’s quite a show you’ve just put on!

    It’s hilarious, too, that you invoke “linguists” so obliquely to avoid pointing fingers at anyone in your own circle, especially under an article no colleagues will probably bother to read. Perhaps I ought to revoke my professed admiration after all.

  4.  的头像
    匿名

    So will the readers here be friendlier to me qua “international friend” (guójì yǒurén 国际友人) or be more critical instead cuz I’m a “foreign devil” (yángguǐzi 洋鬼子)? Will my identity as a Californian makes my comments more reliable than those by “foreigners” from less advanced countries like Vietnam, Morocco, Haiti, etc.?
    More interestingly, if I’m a Chinese American, will I be condemned by Chinese readers if I can’t speak/write Chinese well? [Perhaps I should mention it by passing that Mandarin is my L3 (third language) so actually I find it hard to think in a orthodox Mandarin way. Hope the readers here will forgive me if I can’t write chinese comments elegantly.😉

    1. ImageNoise 的头像
      ImageNoise

      Wow, how come you’ve mastered three languages? What’s the other one besides Mandarin and English? In that case, it seems beside the point to obsess over where you come from (I don’t think anyone with a wise and pragmatic mind would). You’ve just won my infinite respect for being rich! (Enlighten me—who can learn three languages in childhood without being rich?) Wealth is a universal language, or should I say, identity.

      1.  的头像
        匿名

        But you know, multilingualism is pretty common around the world, and people don’t really have to be rich to be multilingual, which can be a natural consequence of living in a multilingual community – unless some force majeure steps in to ruin the game. E.g. the language endangerment in Celtic areas (Ireland, Scotland…), in China, in native Indian communities in NA etc.
        Of particular interest here is the ongoing endangerment in China, where hundreds (or thousands) of dialects are losing their diversity and have lost most of vitality.
        But it is also true that multilingualism interrupts how kids acquire THE standard language, ergo reduces their academic performance, IN A SHORT RUN. I think Chinese teachers definitely hate multilingualism to it’s guts.😉

        1. ImageNoise 的头像
          ImageNoise

          Oh, come on, I know where you’re from (and you know how I found out—our mutual friend might be wondering how this conversation is drifting off into nowhere right now). Actually, my best friend back in college was from the same city in Zhejiang as you. Doesn’t it have a reputation for being loaded? And her dialect sounded so distinct from any other dialect in Zhejiang that I never had a clue what she was saying on the phone.

          Oh, now I get it—the “other” language is your local tongue! Am I right?

          Another friend of mine back then was from Tibet. She attended a training course to improve her Mandarin and deepen her understanding of traditional culture before her freshman year in college. The Economist also reported that Mongolians were being forced to abandon their own language in school, so I know what you mean.

          BTW, your city’s high school entrance English exams are the hardest of any city in Zhejiang—that’s why I always picked them for my students to practice with. Thanks for the contribution, and please don’t lump me in with your definition of “Chinese teachers”. 😉

          1.  的头像
            匿名

            That’s why I term it as [italic]force majeure[italic]. Local languages (including Chinese dialects and minority languages) are also stigmatized in schools and in daily life, deliberately or inadvertently, which severs efficiently the connection between the local languages and the pupils’ identity (side note: I don’t wanna use the plural form ‘identities’ here cuz I wanna manifest the very purpose of the language policies, or the force majeure, which is exactly to forge THE SINGLE national identity).
            The only exception we know is Cantonese, which has inspired a couple of (not very interesting) anthropological studies on the language identity there.
            Now you see, multilingualism ONCE WAS rather common, so WAS multi-faceted self-identities across the whole population in mainland China.

            Btw, the high school entrance English exams you referred to are … aren’t they just too basic (read as “easy” and “boring”)??? [no offense]

          2.  的头像
            匿名

            Mandarin is my L3, and English is my L4. [sorry, English~]
            Even though I’m a native Californian, my first language is Spanish and my second language is French, Because I’m half French, 1/4 Spanish, and 1/4 Chinese and I spent my childhood in the sooooooo beauuuutiful Pyrénées where there are green slopes scattered with wild flowers and sheep in tender April and May. O! Je vous aime, Pyrénées!
            [Plz ignore this reply]

  5. ImageNoise 的头像
    ImageNoise

    I have to take your opinion with a grain of salt. Some dialects are protected for cultural recognition and even propaganda purposes. You can still see books written in 沪语 (“繁花”), or films — most of 邵艺辉’s films, for instance. Not to mention 曹保平’s films featuring multiple dialects, most of which are quite common in Northwestern China. If cultural influence were the only factor at play here, you couldn’t explain the adoption of various dialects beyond 北上广. I wonder if the reason Esperanto failed to dominate the world is its scarce appearance in any form of art, and its close affiliation with Indo-European languages, which makes it dauntingly difficult for any other ethnic groups.

    I won’t deny the existence of the so-called force majeure. But I wonder if you two have been invoking it more than necessary — for the repression of dialects, or more frequently, romantic love (a perennial topic of this blog). It’s a simplification, or even laziness, when it comes to understanding the mechanisms of what’s really going on here. Sometimes it makes me wonder who’s actually the one majoring in sociology here.

    As for the last part, you’re now blabbering to the point of annoyance. I’ll dismiss anything you say if you keep acting like this. 🐶

  6.  的头像
    匿名

    So this is intended as a reply & a clarification on the issue of language endangerment to all the readers of this article. Technically and laymen-unfriendly. (But why should I be laymen-friendly when I have to be professionally tecnnical?)

    A language is in danger, per Language Vitality and Endangerment (UNESCO 2003), when its speakers cease to use it, use it in an increasingly reduced number of communicative domains, and cease to pass it on from one generation to the next. That is, there are no new speakers, adults or children.

    Put more plainly, a language becomes endangered when it is no longer effectively passed on to younger generations, regardless of the underlying causes. This remains true even if the language continues to appear in novels, movies, or TikTok vids, etc. often as gimmicks FOR ART’S SAKE. From a linguistic perspective, they culturally exploit local linguistic heritage while downplaying – or, as I prefer, ignoring – how local languages are stigmatized or worshiped against identity formation.

    It is also important to emphasize that language endangerment is assessed empirically and statistically across generations. It is not a matter of personal impression, introspection, intuition, popular sentiment or whatsoever non-scientific conjuration.

    Turning to the linguistic landscape in China: the consensus among sane linguists is that nearly all Chinese dialects as well as most minority languages in mainland China are endangered to varying degrees. Some are even projected to become extinct in the near future. This assessment holds regardless of whether one applies UNESCO’s criteria or locally developed frameworks.

    It is also a consenus among sane dialectologists that a harmful hallucination persists among laymen that some dialects are fortunately insulated from endangerment. They are harmful because they have obscured the very fact that the faux homage the at-issue dialects enjoy (e.g. Shanghainese) or the “contaminated” transfer to young generations (e.g. variants of Mandarin in southwestern & northwestern areas) do not prevent them from a sharp decline of language vatality and contamination from standard Mandarin to all the systems – from phonology to vocabulary to syntax – of the at-issue dialects to a degree that exceeds what would typically be expected from ordinary language contact and diffusion.

    Lastly, if my identities, particularly my professional background and nationality, is deemed significantly relevant, then I shall enjoy a certain degree of authority on linguistic issues and dictate with my expertise that is not accessible to non-specialists. But is this really what the readers here desire? [doge]

  7.  的头像
    匿名

    I should mention by passing that endangered languages are also exploited by some (likely not all) dialectologists, par. in mainland China where “dialect documentation” can be super lucrative in an academic sense.
    They come, they smile, they inquire, they record, they leave, they strip off smile, they never return (unless they have to record again).
    This is what anthropologists did a few decades back then, it is what many linguists (and artists) are doing today, and that is what the naive public takes for granted.

    1. ImageNoise 的头像
      ImageNoise

      Well, that’s the attitude. Now we’re talking. If that’s the definition of a language being endangered among “sane linguists,” as you just told us laymen (including me), that’s actually fine with me. We don’t encourage judgments based solely on research into one’s immediate environment in our profession either. (Well, at least back then—I’m a layman now, though I can’t unlearn the instinct.) But I can’t help noticing that what the blogger here really wants to evoke, deep down in our hearts, is a longing for a universal identity not bound to any particular physical location. Why is the topic of preserving certain dialects even brought up? You said “…regardless of the underlying causes”—actually, it’s not so hard to pin down the exact reason why fewer people use them. If only by downplaying or even eradicating traces of their accents can some people be assimilated into a new circle they’re eager to be embraced by, so be it. Who am I to judge how they should live their lives? Is Mandarin popularisation really the cause rather than the result in that case?

      As for the exploitation of some dialects, well, you don’t even have to resort to your expertise to make the case. We can safely draw analogies with what 刘德华 did to those villagers in the film 红毯先生, or the crimes committed by Americans against the inhabitants of the Osage Indian Reservation. But I still side with those “innocent” art forms that destigmatize everyday usage of dialects. They’ve done a better job than some bickering scholars—or would you deny this? [doge]

      I’m really busy with work this week, sorry for the late reply.

      1.  的头像
        匿名

        The issues surrounding language identity, as well as the ensuing topics of language endangerment, were initially raised by the author, who, seemingly in an attempt to use language identity as a form of circumstantial evidence, seeks to demonstrate the possibility of a “person of generality.”
        However, as a sane Californian who takes pride in the diverse and vibrant linguistic communities of our sunny California, I cast a skeptical eye on the author’s questionable use of such evidence. That said, I do not believe it is productive for now to delve further into these linguistic matters, including the topic of language identity. The debate has begun to spill over into areas such as politics and anthropology, while the readers here remain too divided on fundamental premises to reach any plausible consensus.
        One final word must be addressed: the popularization of Mandarin is both an integral part, and a symbol, of national political practice, a trend that has become even more pronounced in recent years.
        With that, I will consider this reply as an termination to any further discussions on linguistic topics on this webpage. [actually I’m just burnt out by my work and I need some really good perfumes and food to revive my miserable soul]

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