{"id":7,"date":"2023-08-25T21:34:00","date_gmt":"2023-08-25T21:34:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/stephenleng.com\/en\/?p=7"},"modified":"2023-12-11T16:10:25","modified_gmt":"2023-12-11T16:10:25","slug":"the-philosophy-of-world-history-the-modern-age-a-hegelian-sequel","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/stephenleng.com\/en\/the-philosophy-of-world-history-the-modern-age-a-hegelian-sequel\/","title":{"rendered":"The Philosophy of World History: The Modern Age \u2014 A Hegelian Sequel"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>If Hegel lived today, how would he tell the story of world history in the last two hundred years? How do we use the basic principles of his philosophy of world history to write modern history? Here is my initial idea:<\/p>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"the-contents\">The Contents:<\/h2>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"introduction-reason-in-the-modern-history\">Introduction: Reason in the Modern History<\/h3>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"first-part-the-age-of-modernization\">First Part: The Age of Modernization<\/h3>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>(1) The Development of the Western World<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Industrialization and Political Reformation<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>B. Revolutions of 1848 and American Civil War<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C. Big Powers<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>(2) The Westernization<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Rejection<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>B. Submission<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C. Learning<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>(3) The Modern World<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>A. A Western-led World<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>B. The First World War, The Great Depression, and The \u201cLost Generation\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C. Paris Peace Conference and League of Nations<\/p>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"second-part-the-age-of-extremes\">Second Part: The Age of Extremes<\/h3>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>(1) Fascism<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>A. The Rise of Axis Powers<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>B. World War II and the Holocaust<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C. The Fall of Fascism<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>(2) Communism<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>A. The Rise of the Soviet Union<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>B. The Cold War and The Movements in Communist Countries<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C. The Fall of Communism<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>(3) Democracy<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>A. Internal changes: The Countercultural Movement, Civil Rights Movement, Women Rights Movement, and Post-modernism<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>B. Decolonization and New Democracies<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C. United Nations, The European Union, and The Role of the United States<\/p>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"third-part-our-age\">Third Part: Our Age<\/h3>\n\n\n<p>Let us see \ud83d\ude42<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>All comments are welcome!<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>If Hegel lived today, how would he tell the story of world history in the last two hundred years? How do we use the basic principles of his philosophy of world history to write modern history? Here is my initial idea: The Contents: Introduction: Reason in the Modern History First Part: The Age of Modernization A. Industrialization and Political Reformation B. Revolutions of 1848 and American Civil War C. Big Powers A. Rejection B. Submission C. Learning A. A Western-led World B. The First World War, The Great Depression, and The \u201cLost Generation\u201d C. Paris Peace Conference and League of Nations Second Part: The Age of Extremes A. The Rise [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[4],"class_list":["post-7","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-philosophy","tag-hegel"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":99,"url":"https:\/\/stephenleng.com\/en\/is-china-a-collectivist-society-or-an-atomized-one\/","url_meta":{"origin":7,"position":0},"title":"Is China a Collectivist Society or an Atomized One?","author":"Stephen Leng","date":"04\/11\/2025","format":false,"excerpt":"Is China a collectivist society or an atomized one? As I was reading through various academic papers, I noticed some scholars still describe China as a collectivist society, while others have already picked up on its growing atomization. On online forums and insightful blogs, it's rare to find anyone still\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Cultural Criticism&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Cultural Criticism","link":"https:\/\/stephenleng.com\/en\/category\/cultural-criticism\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/i3.wp.com\/my-img.stephenleng.com\/social-atomisation.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/i3.wp.com\/my-img.stephenleng.com\/social-atomisation.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/i3.wp.com\/my-img.stephenleng.com\/social-atomisation.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/i3.wp.com\/my-img.stephenleng.com\/social-atomisation.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/i3.wp.com\/my-img.stephenleng.com\/social-atomisation.jpg?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/i3.wp.com\/my-img.stephenleng.com\/social-atomisation.jpg?resize=1400%2C800&ssl=1 4x"},"classes":[]},{"id":114,"url":"https:\/\/stephenleng.com\/en\/how-to-escape-the-age-of-mediocrity-founding-an-entirely-new-system-of-education-art-and-science-institutions\/","url_meta":{"origin":7,"position":1},"title":"How to Escape the Age of Mediocrity: Founding an Entirely New System of Education, Art, and Science Institutions","author":"Stephen Leng","date":"08\/11\/2025","format":false,"excerpt":"A \u201cgenius\u201d is someone with extraordinarily high creativity. Today, we cannot say there are no geniuses, but they are exceedingly rare. For example, the greatest living philosophers today might be Habermas, \u017di\u017eek, and Agamben\u2014but compared with Kant, Fichte, and Hegel, who lived in roughly the same historical period, the difference\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Cultural Criticism&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Cultural Criticism","link":"https:\/\/stephenleng.com\/en\/category\/cultural-criticism\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/i3.wp.com\/my-img.stephenleng.com\/creativity.webp?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/i3.wp.com\/my-img.stephenleng.com\/creativity.webp?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/i3.wp.com\/my-img.stephenleng.com\/creativity.webp?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/i3.wp.com\/my-img.stephenleng.com\/creativity.webp?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/i3.wp.com\/my-img.stephenleng.com\/creativity.webp?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/i3.wp.com\/my-img.stephenleng.com\/creativity.webp?resize=1400%2C800&ssl=1 4x"},"classes":[]},{"id":109,"url":"https:\/\/stephenleng.com\/en\/the-rise-of-artificial-intelligence-and-the-great-stagnation-of-the-human-spirit-how-ai-will-destroy-creativity-and-genius\/","url_meta":{"origin":7,"position":2},"title":"The Rise of Artificial Intelligence and the Great Stagnation of the Human Spirit: How AI Will Destroy Creativity and Genius","author":"Stephen Leng","date":"05\/29\/2025","format":false,"excerpt":"Today, major tech companies around the world are engaged in an arms race over AI products, releasing new iterations of their generative AI tools every few months. A few months ago, China's Deepseek caused a brief panic in Silicon Valley and Washington by achieving performance close to ChatGPT at a\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Philosophy&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Philosophy","link":"https:\/\/stephenleng.com\/en\/category\/philosophy\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/my-img.stephenleng.com\/DALL\u00b7E-2025-04-09-12.01.13.png?w=1536&resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/my-img.stephenleng.com\/DALL\u00b7E-2025-04-09-12.01.13.png?w=1536&resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/my-img.stephenleng.com\/DALL\u00b7E-2025-04-09-12.01.13.png?w=1536&resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/my-img.stephenleng.com\/DALL\u00b7E-2025-04-09-12.01.13.png?w=1536&resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/my-img.stephenleng.com\/DALL\u00b7E-2025-04-09-12.01.13.png?w=1536&resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x, https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/my-img.stephenleng.com\/DALL\u00b7E-2025-04-09-12.01.13.png?w=1536&resize=1400%2C800&ssl=1 4x"},"classes":[]},{"id":146,"url":"https:\/\/stephenleng.com\/en\/capitalism-is-the-best-era-for-romantic-love-and-where-erich-fromms-the-art-of-loving-goes-wrong\/","url_meta":{"origin":7,"position":3},"title":"Capitalism Is the Best Era for Romantic Love \u2014 and Where Erich Fromm\u2019s The Art of Loving Goes Wrong","author":"Stephen Leng","date":"10\/04\/2025","format":false,"excerpt":"For people on the Left, nothing seems easier than sitting in one\u2019s study, nightcap on, brooding over the defects of capitalism and posting lofty takes on social media. I could do that too, but playing the cynic isn\u2019t really my style. The dramatic collapse of communism in the Soviet Union\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Cultural Criticism&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Cultural Criticism","link":"https:\/\/stephenleng.com\/en\/category\/cultural-criticism\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-img.stephenleng.com\/Erich_Fromm_1974.jpg?w=1920&resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-img.stephenleng.com\/Erich_Fromm_1974.jpg?w=1920&resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-img.stephenleng.com\/Erich_Fromm_1974.jpg?w=1920&resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-img.stephenleng.com\/Erich_Fromm_1974.jpg?w=1920&resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-img.stephenleng.com\/Erich_Fromm_1974.jpg?w=1920&resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-img.stephenleng.com\/Erich_Fromm_1974.jpg?w=1920&resize=1400%2C800&ssl=1 4x"},"classes":[]},{"id":19,"url":"https:\/\/stephenleng.com\/en\/learning-to-smile\/","url_meta":{"origin":7,"position":4},"title":"Learning to Smile","author":"Stephen Leng","date":"12\/08\/2023","format":false,"excerpt":"Years ago, when haze enveloped many cities in China, we wore N95 masks when we stayed outside. 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