{"id":146,"date":"2025-10-04T03:29:43","date_gmt":"2025-10-04T08:29:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/stephenleng.com\/en\/?p=146"},"modified":"2025-10-04T03:29:45","modified_gmt":"2025-10-04T08:29:45","slug":"capitalism-is-the-best-era-for-romantic-love-and-where-erich-fromms-the-art-of-loving-goes-wrong","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/stephenleng.com\/en\/capitalism-is-the-best-era-for-romantic-love-and-where-erich-fromms-the-art-of-loving-goes-wrong\/","title":{"rendered":"Capitalism Is the Best Era for Romantic Love \u2014 and Where Erich Fromm\u2019s The Art of Loving Goes Wrong"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

For people on the Left, nothing seems easier than sitting in one\u2019s study, nightcap on, brooding over the defects of capitalism and posting lofty takes on social media. I could do that too, but playing the cynic isn\u2019t really my style. The dramatic collapse of communism in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe\u2014and China and Vietnam\u2019s turn toward market economies\u2014did not settle the debate. If anything, many people now think their countries need more \u201csocialism,\u201d meaning more government intervention. Online, plenty of well-educated young people say capitalists should be \u201cstrung up on lampposts,\u201d blithely ignoring the economic consequences, as if they themselves never needed to look for a job.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the twentieth century\u2019s many experiments, most would concede that a centrally directed, command-style planned economy is a dead end. It\u2019s said that members of the Soviet State Planning Committee sat in their guarded Moscow offices setting prices for more than 24 million distinct goods. These were neither the producers nor the sellers nor the buyers of those goods, and yet they were tasked with pricing things they had never laid eyes on. The absurdity is obvious to us now, but few at the time felt it so strongly. And the consequences went far beyond people simply queueing for necessities. So today\u2019s debate, broadly speaking, is about how large a role the government should play within a market economy\u2014synonymous with capitalism, in my view.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economics isn\u2019t my specialty, so let\u2019s start from everyday life. As with debates about economic systems, some people feel a peculiar nostalgia for the old socialist order when it comes to romantic love. The New York Times<\/em> ran an op-ed titled \u201cWhy Women Had Better Sex Under Socialism<\/a>,\u201d by an American scholar of the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. The piece argued that in socialist countries the \u201cwork unit\u201d provided women with basic security, maternity leave, and free childcare, which gave them economic independence. And now? After the transition to markets, women face greater pressure at work and come home \u201ctoo tired to do anything with their husbands.\u201d Some studies find that compared with West German women, or women in unified Germany, East German women reported more frequent orgasms and higher sexual satisfaction. In short, socialism supposedly meant more \u201cleisure,\u201d i.e., more private time\u2014hence more, and more satisfying, sex.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We hardly need historical socialism to teach us the importance of private time for sex. Imagine a man and a woman stranded on a deserted island: they spend their days figuring out how to survive and have nothing to do at night\u2014of course they\u2019ll have more, and probably better, sex than average people. The key correlation here is between leisure and sex, not socialism and sex. Socialism may provide leisure, but so did the ancient world. While we lack data on sexual satisfaction in antiquity, I wouldn\u2019t be surprised if a historian told us it surpassed today\u2019s. Many picture premodern life like this: without electric lights, with nothing to do at night, people simply \u201cwent to bed.\u201d That picture may well be correct.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But sexual satisfaction is not the same thing as romantic love. Sex is primarily about physical pleasure and gratification; romantic love is mainly a spiritual life, even though sex is its foundation. Sex is not the hallmark of romantic love.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So what difference does capitalism or socialism make to romantic life? Because romantic love cannot be quantified the way sex can, we lack direct comparables. Still, the Chinese historical experience is clear: only after Reform and Opening did the ideal of free courtship make a real comeback. I say \u201ccomeback\u201d because students and the educated classes in the Republican era had already embraced it. Between those two eras of praising free love lay the socialist period, when one saw families everywhere but romantic love almost nowhere. Romantic love certainly existed, but celebrating it was branded as a \u201cpetty-bourgeois\u201d notion to be criticized.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This essay isn\u2019t trying to analyze, from first principles, the general relationship among socialism, capitalism, and romantic love. That would be impossible in a single piece. Instead I want to respond to a familiar left-intellectual critique of capitalism.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A chorus of left-wing hand-wringing and world-weary cynicism insists that capitalism is damaging romantic love\u2014pick your verbs: \u201cending,\u201d \u201calienating,\u201d \u201cwithering,\u201d and so on. Lacan is said to have remarked: \u201cCapitalist discourse has disempowered castration; it wants to know nothing about love!\u201d Sociologist Eva Illouz deems Lacan \u201centirely right.\u201d In 2020 she published La Fin de l\u2019amour<\/em> (The End of Love<\/em>), making herself the latest doomsayer. Needless to say, Shizuko Ueno also ranks among the sociologists who indict capitalism alongside romantic love.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here I\u2019ll focus on Erich Fromm, the German-American social psychologist and psychoanalyst, a member of the Frankfurt School. The Frankfurt School drew heavily on Marx and generally viewed modern capitalism critically.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In my review of Nathaniel Branden\u2019s work, I already noted a fatal flaw in Fromm\u2019s basic theory of love, and Branden called it out by name. Fromm acknowledges romantic love\u2019s exclusivity but oddly denies its legitimacy\u2014he writes: \u201cHuman beings are, in essence, all the same; we are both part of the whole and the whole itself; therefore, in practice, it makes no difference whom one loves.\u201d This is the sort of asylum-level pronouncement that clashes with what the vast majority intuit about romantic love. It even calls into question Fromm\u2019s credentials as a psychologist.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chapter 3 of Fromm\u2019s The Art of Loving<\/em> is titled \u201cLove and Its Disintegration in Contemporary Western Society.\u201d Like every Western Marxist, Fromm claims that capitalist society \u201calienates modern man from himself, his contemporaries, and nature.\u201d Supposedly \u201ceverything\u2014spiritual and material alike\u2014becomes an object to be exchanged and consumed.\u201d In such a context, the individual \u201cstrives to adapt to the demands of exchanging, accepting, and consuming,\u201d becoming an \u201cautomaton.\u201d Fromm continues:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

The situation as far as love is concerned corresponds, as it has to by necessity, to this social character of modern man. Automatons cannot love; they can exchange their “personality packages” and hope for a fair bargain. One of the most significant expressions of love, and especially of marriage with this alienated structure, is the idea of the “team.” In any number of articles on happy marriage, the ideal described is that of the smoothly functioning team. This description is not too different from the idea of a smoothly functioning employee; he should be “reasonably independent,” co-operative, tolerant, and at the same time ambitious and aggressive. Thus, the marriage counselor tells us, the husband should “understand” his wife and be helpful. He should comment favorably on her new dress, and on a tasty dish. She, in turn, should understand when he comes home tired and disgruntled, she should listen attentively when he talks about his business troubles, should not be angry but understanding when he forgets her birthday. All this kind of relationship amounts to is the well-oiled relationship between two persons who remain strangers all their lives, who never arrive at a “central relationship” but who treat each other with courtesy and who attempt to make each other feel better.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this concept of love and marriage the main emphasis is on finding a refuge from an otherwise unbearable sense of aloneness. In “love” one has found, at last, a haven from aloneness. One forms an alliance of two against the world, and this egoism a deux is mistaken for love and intimacy.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Fromm regards this frictionless, companionate model as \u201cthe form of love\u2019s disintegration in Western society,\u201d because the spouses never reveal their individuality in the marriage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Art of Loving<\/em> appeared in 1956\u2014nearly seventy years ago\u2014and we can now test his prophecy. It\u2019s simple: he was wrong. Romantic love in today\u2019s West is in the best condition it has ever been in human history. That doesn\u2019t mean perfection; we do see many problems, especially the troubling phenomena of the Tinder era. But only figures like Eva Illouz would brand these as the \u201cend\u201d of romantic love. Recent surveys show that in both the United States and Japan, a bit over 80 percent of young women say that even if a prospective partner meets all their criteria, if romantic love doesn\u2019t develop, they will not consider marrying him. Historically, this ideal became widespread in the United States in the 1970s, with Japan following roughly in step. Fromm\u2019s frictionless ideal couple bears little resemblance to today\u2019s ideal of romantic partners.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The sort of articles Fromm read in his day\u2014Dale Carnegie\u2019s 1938 How to Win Friends and Influence People<\/em> follows the same pattern\u2014are now hard to find on the English-language internet. In fact, later editions of Carnegie\u2019s book dropped his marriage advice. If you want to know what contemporary writing on love looks like, read The New York Times<\/em>, The New Yorker<\/em>, The Atlantic<\/em>\u2014especially the Times\u2019s \u201cModern Love\u201d column. These writers are talking about genuine romantic love, a world apart from the \u201clove\u201d texts Fromm had in front of him.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So where did Fromm go wrong? I think he made three mistakes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

First, he conflated marriage with romantic love.<\/strong> Marriage is not the same thing as romantic love; they are distinct concepts. Unlike today\u2019s American ideal of the \u201cself-expressive\u201d (or self-actualizing) marriage, the mainstream 1950s American ideal really was \u201ccompanionate marriage\u201d<\/a>\u2014and Fromm correctly identified that. But he then confused marriage with romantic love. The frictionless couple he described is an idealized marital model, not a model of romantic love. In the companionate era, romantic love had not yet fully fused with marriage; that large-scale fusion would come only after the 1970s. In other words, in Fromm\u2019s time romantic love wasn\u2019t \u201cwithering\u201d\u2014it had not yet begun. Today, the ideal is not a frictionless couple but a pair who truly love each other, know how to handle conflict well, and pursue self-realization together.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Second, companionate marriage did not arise from capitalist \u201calienation.\u201d<\/strong> Left intellectuals often believe they\u2019ve found the root cause of everything\u2014this faux-depth has bewitched generations of students\u2014but the world isn\u2019t as they imagine. In the companionate era, women\u2019s social role was primarily that of homemaker, and it was the gendered division of labor\u2014men outside, women inside\u2014that shaped the ideal. The man was the family\u2019s economic provider; the woman, the household\u2019s manager. In that context, offering emotional support to her husband was often treated as part of the homemaker\u2019s role (even if not a moral obligation). Of course, husbands also recognized their role in supporting their wives emotionally\u2014after all, the other party wasn\u2019t an \u201cautomaton,\u201d as Fromm says, but a person with fluctuating moods. Coming home to an unhappy wife makes for an unhappy husband, too.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Third, Fromm went looking for an ideal model of marriage in self-help literature.<\/strong> That\u2019s like asking a mechanic what makes a great car, instead of asking designers or devoted enthusiasts. A mechanic\u2019s \u201cgreat car\u201d is one that rarely breaks and is easy to fix\u2014only one dimension of design. The self-help books of Fromm\u2019s day were crude by today\u2019s standards (hence later editions of Carnegie omitting sections), and their methods were heavy-handed. They presented a pristine ideal without bothering to ask how people could actually achieve it. The result was an impossible image of a no-friction marriage\u2014not an ideal model at all, but a repair manual.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Were it not for history having already disproved Fromm, some readers of The Art of Loving<\/em> might still take his self-assured pronouncements at face value. Unfortunately, many readers today, even after the intervening decades, still fail to read the book critically\u2014and under the influence of figures like Shizuko Ueno or Eva Illouz\u2014assert that capitalism is burying romantic love. The relationship between capitalism and romantic love is complex. But we should begin by acknowledging the main positives before we consider the downsides. Only then can we see the whole and grasp the balance.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

For people on the Left, nothing seems easier than sitting in one\u2019s study, nightcap on, brooding over the defects of capitalism and posting lofty takes on social media. I could do that too, but playing the cynic isn\u2019t really my style. The dramatic collapse of communism in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe\u2014and China and Vietnam\u2019s turn toward market economies\u2014did not settle the debate. If anything, many people now think their countries need more \u201csocialism,\u201d meaning more government intervention. Online, plenty of well-educated young people say capitalists should be \u201cstrung up on lampposts,\u201d blithely ignoring the economic consequences, as if they themselves never needed to look for a job. After […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":148,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"fifu_image_url":"https:\/\/my-img.stephenleng.com\/Erich_Fromm_1974.jpg","fifu_image_alt":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[10],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-146","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cultural-criticism"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-img.stephenleng.com\/Erich_Fromm_1974.jpg?w=1920&resize=1920,1552&ssl=1","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":137,"url":"https:\/\/stephenleng.com\/en\/on-the-shanghai-marriage-market\/","url_meta":{"origin":146,"position":0},"title":"On the Shanghai Marriage Market","author":"Stephen Leng","date":"09\/20\/2025","format":false,"excerpt":"What many Chinese people may not know is that the Shanghai Marriage Market is internationally famous, and it\u2019s a spot many foreign travelers to Shanghai make a point of visiting. It has a detailed English Wikipedia entry, yet not even a Chinese one. Several English-language travel sites have written how-to\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Cultural Criticism"","block_context":{"text":"Cultural Criticism","link":"https:\/\/stephenleng.com\/en\/category\/cultural-criticism\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-img.stephenleng.com\/DSC_102020250119.jpg?w=1920&resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-img.stephenleng.com\/DSC_102020250119.jpg?w=1920&resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-img.stephenleng.com\/DSC_102020250119.jpg?w=1920&resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-img.stephenleng.com\/DSC_102020250119.jpg?w=1920&resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-img.stephenleng.com\/DSC_102020250119.jpg?w=1920&resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-img.stephenleng.com\/DSC_102020250119.jpg?w=1920&resize=1400%2C800&ssl=1 4x"},"classes":[]},{"id":154,"url":"https:\/\/stephenleng.com\/en\/why-the-right-to-privacy-matters\/","url_meta":{"origin":146,"position":1},"title":"Why the Right to Privacy Matters","author":"Stephen Leng","date":"11\/02\/2025","format":false,"excerpt":"In China, \u201crights\u201d are not, for many people, a particularly important idea\u2014let alone the right to privacy. Even when people realize their privacy has been violated, it\u2019s hard for them to think, \u201cone of my rights is being infringed,\u201d rather than merely, \u201cmy feelings are hurt.\u201d In my view, there\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Cultural Criticism"","block_context":{"text":"Cultural Criticism","link":"https:\/\/stephenleng.com\/en\/category\/cultural-criticism\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/my-img.stephenleng.com\/right-to-privacy.png?w=1600&resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/my-img.stephenleng.com\/right-to-privacy.png?w=1600&resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/my-img.stephenleng.com\/right-to-privacy.png?w=1600&resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/my-img.stephenleng.com\/right-to-privacy.png?w=1600&resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/my-img.stephenleng.com\/right-to-privacy.png?w=1600&resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x, https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/my-img.stephenleng.com\/right-to-privacy.png?w=1600&resize=1400%2C800&ssl=1 4x"},"classes":[]},{"id":82,"url":"https:\/\/stephenleng.com\/en\/on-loneliness\/","url_meta":{"origin":146,"position":2},"title":"On Loneliness","author":"Stephen Leng","date":"01\/23\/2025","format":false,"excerpt":"Loneliness is the destiny of human beings, an unavoidable and fated part of life. Since the 19th century, many philosophers, writers, and psychologists have expressed this attitude from different perspectives, such as Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, Thomas Wolfe, Jean-Paul Sartre, Hannah Arendt, and Irvin Yalom, among others. Regardless, the belief that loneliness\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Philosophy"","block_context":{"text":"Philosophy","link":"https:\/\/stephenleng.com\/en\/category\/philosophy\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-img.stephenleng.com\/lonely-bench.jpg?w=1920&resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-img.stephenleng.com\/lonely-bench.jpg?w=1920&resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-img.stephenleng.com\/lonely-bench.jpg?w=1920&resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-img.stephenleng.com\/lonely-bench.jpg?w=1920&resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-img.stephenleng.com\/lonely-bench.jpg?w=1920&resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-img.stephenleng.com\/lonely-bench.jpg?w=1920&resize=1400%2C800&ssl=1 4x"},"classes":[]},{"id":119,"url":"https:\/\/stephenleng.com\/en\/the-substantial-foundation-of-work-life-balance-high-quality-private-time\/","url_meta":{"origin":146,"position":3},"title":"The Substantial Foundation of Work-Life Balance: High-Quality Private Time","author":"Stephen Leng","date":"09\/03\/2025","format":false,"excerpt":"The phenomenon of extremely long working hours\u2014more than 40 hours per week\u2014exists in both the United States and China. Yet in the U.S., it is mostly confined to a few \u201cbloodsucking\u201d industries, while in China, it permeates nearly every sector of the workforce. One could say that the U.S. lacks\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Cultural Criticism"","block_context":{"text":"Cultural Criticism","link":"https:\/\/stephenleng.com\/en\/category\/cultural-criticism\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-img.stephenleng.com\/work-life-balance.webp?w=1200&resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-img.stephenleng.com\/work-life-balance.webp?w=1200&resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-img.stephenleng.com\/work-life-balance.webp?w=1200&resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-img.stephenleng.com\/work-life-balance.webp?w=1200&resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-img.stephenleng.com\/work-life-balance.webp?w=1200&resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":32,"url":"https:\/\/stephenleng.com\/en\/tiktok-is-bad-but-rednote-is-even-worse\/","url_meta":{"origin":146,"position":4},"title":"TikTok is Bad, but REDNote is Even Worse","author":"Stephen Leng","date":"01\/14\/2025","format":false,"excerpt":"In response to a possible upcoming on TikTok in the USA, many young Americans are now flocking to REDNote. The saying goes that between two evils, people should choose the lesser one, but now they seem to be choosing the bigger one. Concerns about TikTok are understandable. It does indeed\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Technology"","block_context":{"text":"Technology","link":"https:\/\/stephenleng.com\/en\/category\/technology\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/i3.wp.com\/my-img.stephenleng.com\/rednote.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/i3.wp.com\/my-img.stephenleng.com\/rednote.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/i3.wp.com\/my-img.stephenleng.com\/rednote.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/i3.wp.com\/my-img.stephenleng.com\/rednote.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/i3.wp.com\/my-img.stephenleng.com\/rednote.jpg?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/i3.wp.com\/my-img.stephenleng.com\/rednote.jpg?resize=1400%2C800&ssl=1 4x"},"classes":[]},{"id":90,"url":"https:\/\/stephenleng.com\/en\/romantic-love-and-freedom\/","url_meta":{"origin":146,"position":5},"title":"Romantic Love and Freedom","author":"Stephen Leng","date":"02\/01\/2025","format":false,"excerpt":"There is a rather superficial view that romantic love and freedom are contradictory. Some people even recite Pet\u0151fi\u2019s widely known verses: \u201cLife is dear, love is dearer. Both can be given up for freedom.\u201d I used to think this was just a joke, especially when people used it to explain\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Philosophy"","block_context":{"text":"Philosophy","link":"https:\/\/stephenleng.com\/en\/category\/philosophy\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-img.stephenleng.com\/romantic-love-and-freedom.jpg?w=1000&resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-img.stephenleng.com\/romantic-love-and-freedom.jpg?w=1000&resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-img.stephenleng.com\/romantic-love-and-freedom.jpg?w=1000&resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/my-img.stephenleng.com\/romantic-love-and-freedom.jpg?w=1000&resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x"},"classes":[]}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/stephenleng.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/146","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/stephenleng.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/stephenleng.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/stephenleng.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/stephenleng.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=146"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/stephenleng.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/146\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":147,"href":"https:\/\/stephenleng.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/146\/revisions\/147"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/stephenleng.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/148"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/stephenleng.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=146"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/stephenleng.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=146"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/stephenleng.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=146"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}