{"id":12400,"date":"2024-09-19T14:42:07","date_gmt":"2024-09-19T06:42:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/stephenleng.com\/cn\/?p=12400"},"modified":"2026-01-19T18:00:34","modified_gmt":"2026-01-19T10:00:34","slug":"langman-aiqing-ziyou","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/stephenleng.com\/cn\/langman-aiqing-ziyou\/","title":{"rendered":"\u6d6a\u6f2b\u7231\u60c5\u4e0e\u81ea\u7531"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u6781\u4e3a\u80a4\u6d45\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u6d6a\u6f2b\u7231\u60c5\u8ddf\u81ea\u7531\u662f\u76f8\u6096\u7684\u3002\u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u8fd8\u4f1a\u5ff5\u5ff5\u6709\u8bcd\u5730\u6717\u8bf5\u6d41\u4f20\u751a\u5e7f\u7684\u88f4\u591a\u83f2\u7684\u8bd7\u53e5\uff1a\u201c<em>\u751f\u547d\u8bda\u53ef\u8d35\uff0c\u7231\u60c5\u4ef7\u66f4\u9ad8\uff1b\u82e5\u4e3a\u81ea\u7531\u6545\uff0c\u4e8c\u8005\u7686\u53ef\u629b\u3002<\/em>\u201d\u6211\u539f\u672c\u4ee5\u4e3a\u8fd9\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u53e5\u7b11\u8c08\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u62ff\u8fd9\u53e5\u7b11\u8c08\u6765\u8be0\u91ca\u81ea\u5df1\u4ecd\u7136\u5355\u8eab\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u3002\u4f46\u8ba9\u6211\u611f\u5230\u9707\u60ca\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u771f\u7684\u662f\u8fd9\u4e48\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u90a3\u4e48\u4ece\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u6d6a\u6f2b\u7231\u60c5\u548c\u81ea\u7531\u662f\u76f8\u6096\u7684\u5417\uff1f\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5047\u5982\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u5760\u5165\u7231\u6cb3\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e5f\u5c31\u540c\u6837\u5730\u8fdc\u79bb\u4e86\u81ea\u7531\uff1f\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u5047\u5982\u60f3\u8981\u634d\u536b\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u5c31\u8981\u9632\u6b62\u81ea\u5df1\u5760\u5165\u7231\u6cb3\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6d6a\u6f2b\u7231\u60c5\u548c\u81ea\u7531\u662f\u76f8\u6096\u7684\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u4e00\u8bba\u65ad\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u6781\u7aef\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u624d\u80fd\u591f\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u628a\u81ea\u7531\u4ec5\u4ec5\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u6d88\u6781\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u628a\u6d6a\u6f2b\u7231\u60c5\u4ec5\u4ec5\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eba\u5bf9\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5e72\u9884\u3002\u4e5f\u8bb8\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u5c0f\u90e8\u5206\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u4f34\u4fa3\u4eec\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u65f6\u523b\u7684\u786e\u611f\u53d7\u5230\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u538b\u6291\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u5f80\u5f80\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u771f\u76f8\u3002\u66f4\u76f4\u767d\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u5047\u5982\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u8eab\u5728\u6d6a\u6f2b\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u7ecf\u5e38\u611f\u53d7\u5230\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u53d7\u5230\u675f\u7f1a\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8fd9\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u8fd9\u6bb5\u5173\u7cfb\u51fa\u73b0\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u4fe1\u53f7\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"%25e6%25b6%2588%25e6%259e%2581%25e8%2587%25aa%25e7%2594%25b1%25e5%2592%258c%25e7%25a7%25af%25e6%259e%2581%25e8%2587%25aa%25e7%2594%25b1\">\u6d88\u6781\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u79ef\u6781\u81ea\u7531<\/h2>\n\n\n<p>\u65e2\u7136\u6211\u4eec\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u662f\u6d6a\u6f2b\u7231\u60c5\u662f\u5e26\u6765\u81ea\u7531\u8fd8\u662f\u963b\u788d\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u8981\u5148\u641e\u6e05\u695a\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u201d\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u610f\u601d\u3002\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5171\u8bc6\u662f\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u81f3\u5c11\u8981\u62c6\u5206\u4e3a\u4e24\u79cd\u542b\u4e49\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u662f\u6d88\u6781\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u662f\u79ef\u6781\u81ea\u7531\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u300a\u65af\u5766\u798f\u54f2\u5b66\u767e\u79d1\u5168\u4e66\u300b\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u89e3\u91ca<a href=\"http:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/liberty-positive-negative\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u6d88\u6781\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u79ef\u6781\u81ea\u7531<\/a>\u7684\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-pullquote has-medium-font-size\"><blockquote><p><strong>\u6d88\u6781\u81ea\u7531<\/strong>\u662f\u6307\u6ca1\u6709\u969c\u788d\u3001\u58c1\u5792\u6216\u9650\u5236\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u62e5\u6709\u6d88\u6781\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u662f\u6307\u4ed6\u53ef\u4ee5\u91c7\u53d6\u8fd9\u79cd\u6d88\u6781\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u3002<strong>\u79ef\u6781\u81ea\u7531<\/strong>\u662f\u6307\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027&#8211;\u6216\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e&#8211;\u4ece\u800c\u638c\u63a7\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u5e76\u5b9e\u73b0\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6839\u672c\u76ee\u7684\u3002\u6d88\u6781\u81ea\u7531\u901a\u5e38\u5f52\u56e0\u4e8e\u4e2a\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u8005\uff0c\u800c\u79ef\u6781\u81ea\u7531\u6709\u65f6\u5219\u5f52\u56e0\u4e8e\u96c6\u4f53\uff0c\u6216\u5f52\u56e0\u4e8e\u4e3b\u8981\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u7279\u5b9a\u96c6\u4f53\u6210\u5458\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u3002<\/p><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u800c<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Positive_liberty\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u300a\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\u300b\u7684\u89e3\u91ca<\/a>\u5219\u66f4\u52a0\u6e05\u695a\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-pullquote has-medium-font-size\"><blockquote><p><strong>\u79ef\u6781\u81ea\u7531<\/strong>\u662f\u6307\u5728\u5f71\u54cd\u4e2a\u4eba\u884c\u52a8\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\u9650\u5236\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u62e5\u6709\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u6743\u529b\u548c\u8d44\u6e90\uff0c\u4e0e<strong>\u6d88\u6781\u81ea\u7531<\/strong>\u76f8\u5bf9\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u662f\u6307\u4e2a\u4eba\u884c\u52a8\u4e0d\u53d7\u5916\u90e8\u7ea6\u675f\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u3002<\/p><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u5fc5\u987b\u540c\u65f6\u5305\u542b\u6d88\u6781\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u79ef\u6781\u81ea\u7531\u4e24\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u3002\u6d88\u6781\u81ea\u7531\u4f7f\u5f97\u81ea\u5df1\u6ca1\u6709\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u800c\u79ef\u6781\u81ea\u7531\u4f7f\u81ea\u5df1\u62e5\u6709\u4e86\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4ec5\u4ec5\u62e5\u6709\u6d88\u6781\u81ea\u7531\u662f\u4e0d\u884c\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u6ca1\u6709\u6307\u51fa\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e8b\u60c5\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u5fc5\u987b\u8981\u5728\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u4e0d\u65ad\u5730\u4ed8\u51fa\u884c\u52a8\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u5de5\u4f5c\u80fd\u529b\u4f46\u662f\u9009\u62e9\u6d41\u843d\u8857\u5934\u4ee5\u4e5e\u8ba8\u4e3a\u751f\u7684\u6d41\u6d6a\u6c49\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eab\u53d7\u7531\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4fdd\u969c\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6d88\u6781\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u6d88\u6781\u81ea\u7531\u8ddf\u5bcc\u4eba\u6240\u4eab\u6709\u7684\u6d88\u6781\u81ea\u7531\u6ca1\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u533a\u522b\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u4eba\u90fd\u4e0d\u613f\u610f\u8fc7\u4e0a\u8fd9\u79cd\u751f\u6d3b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u540c\u6837\uff0c\u4ec5\u4ec5\u62e5\u6709\u79ef\u6781\u81ea\u7531\u4e5f\u662f\u4e0d\u591f\u7684\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u62e5\u6709\u5f3a\u5927\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u4f01\u4e1a\u5bb6\u4eec\u548c\u8d44\u672c\u5bb6\u4eec\u663e\u7136\u4eab\u53d7\u7740\u5e38\u4eba\u6240\u4e0d\u62e5\u6709\u7684\u79ef\u6781\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5047\u5982\u4ed6\u4eec\u65f6\u523b\u62c5\u5fe7\u7740\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8d22\u4ea7\u53d7\u5230\u6ca1\u6536\u6216\u5fc5\u987b\u51fa\u8ba9\u4f01\u4e1a\u80a1\u4efd\uff0c\u62c5\u5fe7\u81ea\u5df1\u54ea\u5929\u5ffd\u7136\u83ab\u540d\u5176\u5999\u53d8\u6210\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u5934\u76ee\u5e76\u88ab\u6293\u8d70\u8fdb\u884c\u5211\u8baf\u903c\u4f9b\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u88ab\u8feb\u8981\u8ddf\u81ea\u5df1\u4e0d\u60f3\u6253\u4ea4\u9053\u7684\u4eba\u6253\u4ea4\u9053\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8fd9\u79cd\u751f\u6d3b\u4e5f\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u5706\u6ee1\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u6d88\u6781\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u79ef\u6781\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n<h2 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